We can define framing as the process of culling a few elements of perceived reality and assembling a narrative that highlights connections among them to promote a particular interpretation. Fully developed frames typically perform four functions: problem definition, causal analysis, moral judgment, and remedy promotion. - Entman qted in Entman 2007 p. 164

George Lakoff - Frame Semantics and Conceptual Metaphor Theory #

Primary Sources:

• Lakoff, G., Johnson, M. (2008). Metaphors We Live By. United Kingdom: University of Chicago Press.
• Lakoff, G. (2008). Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind. United Kingdom: University of Chicago Press.
• Lakoff, G. (2014). The ALL NEW Don't Think of an Elephant! Know Your Values and Frame the Debate. United States: Chelsea Green Publishing.
• McGlone, M. S. (2007). What is the explanatory value of a conceptual metaphor? Language & Communication, 27(2), 109–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2006.02.016 For a critical assessment of Lakoff’s conceptual metaphor’s explanatory value

Robert M. Entman - Framing Theory and Four Functions #

• Primary Sources:
• Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x
• Entman, R. M. (2004). Projections of power : framing news, public opinion, and U.S. foreign policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Entman, R. M. (2007). Framing Bias: Media in the Distribution of Power. Journal of Communication, 57(1), 163–173. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00336.x

Frame Semantics Foundational Work (Charles Fillmore) #

Since Lakoff's frame semantics builds on Fillmore's foundational work:

• Fillmore, C. J. (1982). Frame semantics. In Linguistic Society of Korea (Ed.), Linguistics in the Morning Calm (pp. 111-137). Hanshin Publishing.
• Fillmore, C. J., & Atkins, B. T. S. (1992). Toward a frame-based lexicon: The semantics of RISK and its neighbors. In A. Lehrer & E. F. Kittay (Eds.), Frames, Fields, and Contrasts (pp. 75-102). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.